Muutunud õpikäsituse keeleline konstrueerimine

Halliki Põlda, Katrin Aava

Abstract


Õppimise-õpetamise paradigmana on peavoolu tõusnud konstruktivism, mis – ehkki rikas eri teooriatest – näeb õppimist indiviidi teadmiste kogemusliku ülesehitamisena. Konstruktivistlikust õpikäsitusest lähtub ka Haridus- ja Teadusministeeriumi Eesti elukestva õppe strateegia 2020, milles keskse mõistena sõnastatud muutunud õpikäsitust nähakse õppija individuaalset ja sotsiaalset arengut toetavana, õpioskusi, loovust ja ettevõtlikkust arendavana. See tähendab ulatuslikku sisulist haridusuuendust, enamiku sotsiaalsete reformide takistajaks võib aga saada see, kuidas inimesed tegelikkuses toimuvaid muutusi kogevad. Ka Eesti haridusmaastiku tegeliku muutuse otsustab individuaalsete ja kollektiivsete tähenduste ühtimine ning ühtne rakendus hariduse argisituatsioonides. Niisugusel taustal kavandatud uuringu eesmärgiks on kirjeldada, kuidas muutunud õpikäsituse tähendust konstrueeritakse ja milliste diskursustega seda seostatakse.

Poolstruktureeritud fookusrühmaintervjuude alusel uuriti kriitilise diskursuseanalüüsi meetodil, kuidas konstrueerivad vana, osati siiani käibiva ning uue, muutunud õpikäsituse tähendusi Eesti hariduse sidusrühmad. Ühtlasi vaadati samal moel osalejate agentsust, mis annab vastuse, kas sidusrühmad kirjeldavad ennast muutustes osalejate ja neisse panustajana või on muutunud õpikäsituse jõustumine nende arusaamade kohaselt kellegi teise vastutus.

Eesti hariduse sidusrühmadena uuriti viit ametialaselt vastutavat fookusgruppi: õpetajakoolituse teadlastest õppejõud, hariduse tugiasutuste ametnikud, kohalike omavalitsuste haridusametnikud, koolijuhid ja õpetajad. Tulemusena selgus, et muutunud õpikäsituse tähendusist räägitakse ja neid toetatakse, kuid praktikas nimetatud põhimõtteid ei kasutata. Sidusrühmad näevad üksteist pigem takistuse kui koostööpartnerina.

Linguistic construction of a changed learning approach

According to the Estonian Lifelong Learning Strategy 2020 of the Ministry of Education and Research, a changed learning approach is an approach supporting the individual and social development, learning skills, creativity and enterprisingness of a learner. The aim of the study is to describe which discourses are associated with the changed learning approach and whether they coincide with the indicators created in the official discourse. Also, the aim is to determine, based on language use, how the stakeholders themselves relate to the education innovation.

Five focus groups were studied as stakeholders: teacher training faculty researchers, officials from education support bodies, education officials from local governments, school headmasters and teachers. The data collected from the interviews with focus groups were analysed by using the critical discourse analysis method.

As the result, it appeared that the changed learning approach is connected with discourses formulated in educational documents and professional literature (discourse of the changed teacher-student relationship, changed learning environment discourse etc.), however, the descriptions of the stakeholders often do not refer to these changes. Almost all stakeholders formulated the need for cooperation but did not so much list the other stakeholders as a contributing factor. Therefore, it appeared that stakeholders saw other stakeholders more as preventive factors. The results of the study indicated that there are several contradictions between the descriptions of changed learning approach and an opposition is created where the participants handle the meanings of changed learning approach in the context of their own work. The new meanings of the changed learning approach are discussed but not used in practice.


Keywords


tekstilingvistika, kriitiline diskursuseanalüüs, muutunud õpikäsitus, sidusrühm, sotsiaalne innovatsioon

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5128/ERYa12.12

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Copyright (c) 2016 Halliki Põlda, Katrin Aava

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ISSN 1736-2563 (print)
ISSN 2228-0677 (online)
DOI 10.5128/ERYa.1736-2563